For particulars about the routes of administration, chemical structure, and particular results of each sort of AAS, the reader is referred to recent critiques on the topic (de Souza and Hallak, 2011; Bond et al., 2022; Rizzuti et al., 2023).Testosterone is synthesized by the Leydig cells of the testes as the tip product of an elegant series of hormonal interactions known collectively because the HPG axis [21]. The hypothalamus, positioned within the forebrain, secretes gonadotrop |